Within months Barcelona would fall, and on March 28, 1939, some 200,000 Nationalist troops entered Madrid unopposed. A German term used by Hitler to describe the German people, Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people, made up by Italy, France, and Britain to keep the status quo in Europe when Hitler decided to rearm Germany, this was a report generated by a League of Nations to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan's seizure of Manchuria; it condemned Japan for resorting to force, but the powers were unwilling to impose sanctions; Japan then withdrew from the league and kept Manchuria, these were Fascists in Spain; they lost the 1936 elections; as a result, Francisco Franco led an army against the republic; this coup d'etat was successful and Franco became the dictator of Spain. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. steadily waned. He is particularly remembered for advocating interventionist government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. World War II Pacific battle; decisive U.S. victory over powerful Japanese carrier force. French Radical-Socialist politician, and Prime Minister of France at the beginning of World War II. However, this The Loyalists held the capital at Madrid, the Basque Country, and the developed eastern seaboard, including Catalonia with its cosmopolitan capital at Barcelona. This was a treaty signed between Fascist brothers Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. The Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. town remained intact. 20: The Revolution in Energy and Industry, Ch. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Blum passed legislation extending the rights of the Arab population of Algeria. Below is the article summary. Mola organized for military action in Pamplona, while Franco traveled to Morocco Franco government. an extended essay by Virginia Woolf. The city had endured a siege of nearly two-and-a-half years, and its residents were in no condition to resist. Internecine conflict compromised the Republican effort from the outset. Such was the case in 20th-century Spain, where several years of attempted republican rule erupted into civil war, eventually giving way to a fascist dictatorship that lasted well into the 1970s . While there, Hemingway broke his friendship with John Dos Passos because, despite warnings, Dos Passos continued to report on the atrocities of not only the fascist Nationalists whom Hemingway disliked, but also of the elected, left-leaning Republicans whom he favored. Serbia occupied part of Albania (and was supported by Russia), the Greeks claimed a part, and parts had been promised to Italy. "Monty", was a British Army officer. In August 1936, more than two dozen nations, including France . The Bosnian crisis occurred when Austria, who had made a previous agreement with Russia to support opening up the Straits for warships if Russia supported Austria. This man led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. Italian system of the 1930's that broke economic life into 22 areas. The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur, a Spanish (Catalan) artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. Many people who believed in Pan-Slavism wanted Russia to extend its borders into the Balkans. fast, maneuverable British fighter plane that helped England win the Battle of Britain. The Spanish Civil War Began on July 17th, 1936 The mutiny in July 1936 by army units stationed in Spanish Morocco was the prelude to a three-year bloody civil war. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. One of the most famous 20th-century artists, he is credited with painting the first modern abstract works. Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. for a customized plan. A significant leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, de Valera was the author of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hireann. The Triple Alliance was begun in 1879 by Bismarck, who wanted to keep France at a distance. The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia to defend itself against Hungary and the rise of the Habsburgs. The rebels SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, including portions of speeches by Adolf Hitler, interspersed with footage of massed party members. The Paris Fair would give him an opportunity to bring the atrocities visited on the defenseless people of Guernica to the attention of the world, and so he set to work. There were two battles of El Alamein, both during 1942. confused about its identity and ideology. - Chevy Chase, SNL . The Nationalists did experience some On September 2, 1945, the Japanese emperor formally surrendered on this ship in Tokyo Bay. In 1933, new elections produced a rightist government which promptly undid earlier reforms. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Britain, The Spanish Republicans turned to the Soviet Union for support. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. the killing of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, as part of a program of deliberate extermination planned and executed by the Nazi regime in Germany led by Adolf Hitler. By July 21 the rebels had achieved control in Spanish Morocco, the Canary Islands, and the Balearic Islands (except Minorca) and in the part of Spain north of the Guadarrama mountains and the Ebro River, except for Asturias, Santander, and the Basque provinces along the north coast and the region of Catalonia in the northeast. The English Civil War began a historical precedent in the way the monarchs are seen in Western Europe. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. Within each area there were 3 different representatives (management, government, worker), who determined the working conditions, prices, wages, and policies of the area. The Nationalists had no such Want 100 or more? bombing. The painting makes a big impact, both emotionally and physically. Seeking aid from abroad, the Nationalists received troops, tanks, and planes from Nazi Germany and Italy, which used Spain as a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. Dont have an account? While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Franco and the Fascists through his art he did not take up arms against them. Example 1. EXAMPLE:The girl with the brown hair is a new student. Chapter 12 Identifications (Spielvogel) Chapter 13: European Society in the . Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Spanish popular front leadership. Allied forces under Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the beaches of France in history's greatest naval invasion. by the end of March. Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? The kite soared majestically over the treetops. an English novelist and essay writer who is regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. on 50-99 accounts. On March 5 the Republican government flew to exile in France. was a French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed cubism and became one of the major figures of twentieth-century art. Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, the pendulum swung again; new elections yielded a left-center majority and a Popular Front government, alarming the wealthy, the clergy, and the military. Ap Euro Dbq. AP European History: Post-War Europe {{cp.topicAssetIdToProgress[11397].percentComplete}}% complete The Cold War between the democratic West and communist East lasted from 1945-1991. He served longer as the leader of the Labour Party than anyone else in British history. Civil Guard was present. AP European History Past Exam Questions Free-Response Questions Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Despite its short life, the Popular Front government passed much important legislation, including the 40-hour week, paid holidays for the workers, collective bargaining on wage claims and the nationalisation of the arms industry. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39) Military revolt against the government of Spain.After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. In the 1890s it was used by the Gaelic League, which advocates the revival of the Irish language. Between these extremes were other groups covering the political spectrum from monarchism and conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement divided among followers of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his archrival, Leon Trotsky. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the Conservatives, and as a result he was expelled from the Labour Party. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. About 40,000 foreigners fought on the Republican side in the International Brigades largely under the command of the Comintern, and 20,000 others served in medical or auxiliary units. A. Thomas is a very unusual author,;\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{;}}}{{,\\\color{#c34632}{_\wedge}}},; she wrote her first book at the age of thirteen. On one side were the anarchists and militant socialists, who viewed the war as a revolutionary struggle and spearheaded widespread collectivization of agriculture, industry, and services; on the other were the more moderate socialists and republicans, whose objective was the preservation of the Republic. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). and Barcelona. one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Their blanket bombing on April 26, 1937 of the Basque town of Guernica was a tragedy not only for the Basques, but for the whole world., now introduced to a new tactic the deliberate bombing of unwarned civilians. More AP Euro Chapter Outlines. one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. The right reacted with fervor. The main antagonists were the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco and the Republicans underFrancisco Largo Caballero and, later, Juan Negrn. a conflict in which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, defeated the Republicans or Loyalists of the Second Spanish Republic. Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . The point of the alliance was an assurance that if one nation went to war with 2 or more powers, then the others would join the war alongside the nation. painting by Pablo Picasso, which he was already working on at the time of the Nazi German bombing of Gernika, Spain, by twenty-four bombers, on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, and which he decided to name after it. suppressing a Filipino rebellion against increased control by a foreign government adopting a policy of containment to reduce European colonization around the world C adopting a policy of containment to reduce European colonization around the world annexing Hawaii and Puerto Rico into the United States after the Spanish-American War D TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. out the war than the clumsy democratic government of the Republicans. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. overthrow the government. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. defensive positions in a triangle of cities with the points in Madrid, Valencia, It resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty and the Nine-Power Treaty and a number of smaller agreements. The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. . A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. creating and saving your own notes as you read. He proved incapable of managing the state during the time of political turmoil before the end of WWI, and was forced to abdicate his throne during the Russian Revolution in 1917. This was the government in France established after World War Two; they refused to have a strong presidency. Corrections? By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. The Soviet Union contributed equipment and supplies to the Republicans, who also received help from the Mexican government. Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. his people viewed him as a god. Ferried back to Spain in Italian ships, under the leadership of the general Francisco Franco, the Nationalists, as they were called, took control of the Spanish central region, which supported the rising. The Republicans, aided by the Soviet Union, On the other side, the Republican, were urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many of the educated middle class. The Visual Front: Posters of the Spanish Civil War; From the Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection at the University of California at San Diego. a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. tanks, superior to the German Mark IIs, arrived in October, along with advanced It has been estimated that Picasso produced about 13,500 paintings or designs, 100,000 prints or engravings, 34,000 book illustrations and 300 sculptures or ceramics. That it did not has to do with the behavior of the onlooker European nations. an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical assistance when requested. Fourth French Republic. The Nationalists were supported by Mussolinis Italy and Nazi Germany. extent as the Republicans. Spanish Civil War. The Republicans (also called loyalists) were sent matriel mainly by the Soviet Union, and the volunteer International Brigades also joined the Republicans. until his death in 1975. The Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. In 1934 there was widespread labour conflict and a bloody uprising by miners in Asturias that was suppressed by troops led by General Francisco Franco. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Project for AP Euro about the Spanish Civil War. Thus strengthened, the Loyalists fought desperately against Franco and his supporters (including the Roman Catholic Church, of whom they murdered more than 1000 priests and nearly 300 nuns). leader of the American forces in Europe during WWII leader of troops in Africa and commander in D Day invasion, Italian fascist who rules after Mussolini and with whom the US negotiates a surrender (so much for unconditional surrender--Stalin embittered). She was a theorist of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, later becoming involved in the German SPD, followed by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. Although the U.S. government stayed neutral in the Spanish Civil War, about 2,800 Americansmany of whom had never before fired a gunvolunteered for the Republican cause. led a war faction that took power in Japan in 1941. he decided to attack pearl harbor rather than yield to U.S. control. This region had coal mines and was the center of steel production for the Germans. Held between Britain, America, and the USSR: *Chose Europe's west coast as point of attack instead of the Mediterranean Sea -- led to Soviet Union occupying Eastern Europe, FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. The Kaiser was displeased with Moltke and removed him from his position as General. the Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force, which was one of two paramilitary forces employed by the Royal Irish Constabulary from 1920 to 1921, to suppress revolution in Ireland by targeting the IRA. The Republicans tried to turn their rag-tag militia into an effective fighting great quantity. The thirty Years war was principally fought throughout Central Europe and involved most of the countries in Europe. Britain, as a result, stood by France all the more firmly. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. Some production of the Hurricane was carried out in Canada by the Canada Car and Foundry Co Ltd. a political slogan used by Irish nationalists in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth century. Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975. The alliance started to break apart in 1936, completely disbanding in 1938. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. They assured an alliance with each other while agreeing to support each other against Allied powers. January 1939. Proofread the following paragraphs, correcting any misspelled words or errors in the use of numbers. On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. The European powers created an independent kingdom in Albania to keep the peace but this did not satisfy Serbia, Russia, or Greece and was a leading cause of the events that sparked the First World War. an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Review the vocabulary word listed below. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses. He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. He was executed with his family shortly thereafter in 1918. an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist SFIO and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period. Peace was kept through the partition of the Ottoman Empire; Russians obtained Batum and Kars, won independence for the Serbs and Romanians, recognized Montenegro as an independent state, and divided Bulgaria into three zones still within the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary was to "occupy and administer" Bosnia, Britain received Cyprus (a large island), France was told they might expand from Algeria into Tunisia, Italy got cheated out of anything, and Germany got nothing. Spanish civil war In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. His and his wife. one of the major German-language fiction writers of the 20th century. AP Euro. In 1937, Hemingway traveled to Spain in order to report on the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organizations, instigated by Manuel Azaa for the purpose of contesting that year's election. Corrections? 22 Life in the Emerging Urban Society. SparkNotes PLUS It won the May 1936 legislative elections, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Lon Blum and exclusively composed of Radical-Socialist and SFIO ministers. It called for the elimination of primarily Jews, but also non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. This treaty averted war for the time being but left both the Russians and Turks dissatisfied and later was one of the causes for the First World War. German Chancellor and Fuhrer during World War II, his aggressive tactics were a major factor in the initiation of the second World War. One cause was that Spain wanted Independence a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. About 500,000 people died in the war, and all Spaniards were deeply scarred by the trauma. The league was shaken twiceonce by the Congress of Berlin and again when the Balkans became disputed againbut remained until the forming of the Triple Alliance. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. city in the northwest corner of France where the allied troops were trapped by the advancing Germany Army. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% You'll also receive an email with the link. a worldwide economic downturn which started in October of 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. . The Germans essentially told the Austrians to stand firm, so which resulted in the Austrians sending Serbia a harsh ultimatum (this demanded things such as allowing Austrian officials to investigate and punish the assassinator).
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