The insurrections fronted by the pretenders Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck emerged from wide and formidable networks of conspiracy that drew in foreign rulers and leading English magnates, and infiltrated Henry's court. Interesting look at the founder of the Tudor dynesty. He was, said Penn, a man who never knew a moments peace during his reign. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VII-king-of-England, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Henry VII, English Monarchs - Biography of Henry VII, Henry VII - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry VII - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). But he leaves us wondering how Henry got away with it. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. Who could have expected that he would rule for 24 years, die in his bed, bequeath the first orderly succession to the throne for nearly a century, and found a famous dynasty? Since we are in the middle of winter, Ive been thinking of a volume on my shelves on Henry VII, who could be called the Winter King. Stanley placed Richards circlet on Henrys head, he was now King. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. The baby died and Elizabeth, herself, died on 11th February 1503, her 37th birthday. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". I couldn't even stay awake reading this. Richard III's death at Bosworth Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses. Effectively an orphan, he had spent wretched years as a fugitive in Brittany. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. [33], In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the "Princes in the Tower". There's a (relatively) brief explanation of Henry's rather tumultuous childhood and his rise to the throne, before Penn really gets into the nitty gritty details during the second half of Henry's reign, focusing on his intricate foreign policy, his increasing use of finance as a means of control over his subjects and, most entertaining to me, the various plots and conspiracies of Henry's enemies. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Present were exiles from Richards court, friends of Edward IVths queen, but King Richard was able to bribe the ageing Duke of Brittany to relinquish Henry in return for funds to fight an increasingly hostile French king, whereupon Henry Tudor flew to the French court for sanctuary. Wow, it was like being battered by facts without remission for good intentions. [26] Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. But now, sensitivity readers are pushing back . In 1501, England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, coups . Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. This family took a dim view of Henry and it was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who instigated the first rebellion against him. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . Early life [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. Get help and learn more about the design. Henry VII shut himself away in Richmond Palace from January 1509 and at 11pm on Saturday 21st April 1509 he died. Corrections? Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. Please check your email to confirm your subscription. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. [47], Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Its inhabitant was once one of England's most exuberant kings, yet his resting place was only re-discovered in 1813. [19] He marched toward England accompanied by his uncle Jasper and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. [citation needed] Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (14931519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. [50] Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. The marriage did not take place during his lifetime. When he met Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry found that his army of dissidents and mercenaries was completely outnumbered. Yorkist malcontents had strength in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard IIIs sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Their chief task was to see that the laws of the country were obeyed in their area. Henry VII comes across as a talented micromanager and financier. Stephens, "affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king". They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. By 1500, Henry felt safer and things were looking good. People saw him as being like a traditional king and hoped that his reign would bring positive change. England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, violence, murders, coups and countercoups. 1) The number of books on Henry VII can basically be counted on one hand 2) This is Penns first book. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. For him, it was never about glory and battle. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). Castles of . The Field of Cloth of Gold: Royal Revelry. His bouts of grave illness brought the question repeatedly to the fore. With Elizabeth's death, the possibilities for such family indulgences greatly diminished. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. By 1600 historians emphasised Henry's wisdom in drawing lessons in statecraft from other monarchs. He had a populist touch and his reign started with pardons, reforms and justice. Watch with Prime [7] He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, in legend, the last ancient British king,[8] and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. I really enjoyed it. Henry VIII was spring and Henry VII was winter. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. In 1837 Henry VIII's tomb was eventually marked in the chapel with a commemorative marble slab. [4] Owen is said to have secretly married the widow of Henry V, Catherine of Valois. [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, in the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales. Henry VII is known for successfully ending the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and for founding the Tudor dynasty. Two themes of his book preside: the permanent vulnerability of Henry's regime, and his ruthless methods of rule. Henry VII: The Winter King. Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. 1517. They were also in charge of various administrative duties, such as the checking of weights and measures. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. [15], By 1483, Henry's mother was actively promoting him as an alternative to Richard III, despite her being married to Lord Stanley, a Yorkist. The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. Thanks largely to the desertion of his stepfather, Lord Stanley, to him, he defeated and slew Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth on August 22, 1485. Soon after his fathers burial on 10 May, Henry suddenly declared that he would indeed marry Catherine, leaving unresolved several issues concerning the papal dispensation and a missing part of the marriage portion. Only through the deaths of more obvious claimants, and after the accession of Richard III in 1483, when Henry was 26, did he become a leading candidate. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. Annoyingly, much of the most interesting stuff concerns his son, and whenever Penn comments intelligently on how the events here affected the future Henry VIII's reign I found myself perking up such as the suggestion that Henry VII's marriage to Elizabeth was the kind of marriage that their second son, Prince Henry, would spend his whole life trying to find. I'm beginning to wonder if all of the kings beginning with the conquest weren't a little off their rocker in some way. [11] When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. The King was heavily guarded. I found this really interesting, but Im a history nut. It was the end of the union of Lancaster and York and many had only accepted Henry as King because of his wifes Yorkist roots, so Henry was once more on shaky ground with his old enemies resurfacing and raising armies. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. He paid very close attention to detail, and instead of spending lavishly he concentrated on raising new revenues. Henry marries Catherine of Aragon. Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . After the Holy Roman Emperor . There are an awful lot of books written about the Tudor era, both fiction and non-fiction, so you have to ask whether this book adds anything new. I am glad to say that I think it does, for it concentrates on the reign, and court, of Henry VII, giving a different slant to the well known story. Scapegoats were needed for Henry VIIs reign, people to blame for the old regime, so Edmund Dudley was imprisoned and executed on trumped up charges. Hence, the king was plagued with conspiracies until nearly the end of his reign. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. His first chance came in 1483 when his aid was sought to rally Lancastrians in support of the rebellion of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, but that revolt was defeated before Henry could land in England. Sometimes, Penn explained, charges against people were fabricated so that they would have to pay a fine, for example, a man who was charged with murdering a child and who was found guilty because the jury was rigged. He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. In many ways, it highlights that Henry VIII was a feckless inheritor of the tools of Machiavellian power, but had no idea to what productive end to put them. These bonds were enforced by the Council Learned in the Law, a council of legal advisers who were only answerable to the King. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. And yet this time removed was summer's time, The teeming autumn, big with rich increase, Bearing the wanton burden of the prime, Like widow'd wombs after their lords . His dynasty was hanging by a thread and all his hopes had to rest on his youngest son, Henry, and Elizabeth of York producing another son, a spare. It was propaganda to spread the message that he was the rightful King. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [8], In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. In 1407, Henry IV, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. He would learn better as the new reign unfolded. More than a biography of Henry VII, this book is really a highly detailed history of the last ten years of his reign, and how he meticulously and ruthlessly turned England into a police state ruled by what amounted to an organized crime syndicate. Thus, Henry Tudor had no choice but to gather together an army including mercenary soldiers as well as his own supporters, and he landed in Wales in August, 1485. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Lincoln was killed in battle and Henry was victorious. Elizabeth of York was Queen consort of England as spouse of King Henry VII from 1486 until her death on February 11th, 1503. What old December's bareness every where! He was the first Tudor king after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485. His spies and informers were everywhere. [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. Updates? Thomas Penn's Winter King is not really a biography of Henry VII, and more a study of what he was directing his government to do in his name. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. If you missed the programme then here is the YouTube video for you enjoy! But definitely rewarding! The Great Debasement (1544-1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. I've never read much on the reign of Henry VII - mostly because to really get to grips with his policies, you first have to get to grips with his exhaustively complicated financial policies - but Penn provides a wonderful accessibility through his writing, which provides valuable context to the man who founded England's most famous dynasty. 4. The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. The usurpation of Richard III (1483), however, split the Yorkist party and gave Henry his opportunity. When Henry VII became king, the royal exchequer was effectively bankrupt. Categories: Monarchy, NewsTags: birth of Tudor dynasty, Henry Tudor, Henry VII, Thomas Penn, Tudor dynasty, Winter King, Copyright 2023 The Anne Boleyn Files Penn explained that the marriage had been one of genuine love and that Henry was shattered by his wifes death. During his 23-year reign, Henry had only two Lord High Treasurers, and this continuity helped provide stability. Pembroke Castle, birthplace of Henry VII [ JKMMX ] [ CC BY-SA 3.0 ]. [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. His younger brother, Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke, undertook to protect Edmund's widow Margaret, who was 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry. On 7th August 1485, he dropped anchor at Mill Bay, Milford Haven, and when he reached the beach he prayed Judge me, O Lord, and favour my cause. The odds were stacked against him in his quest to take the throne of England. [43] According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. I don't read a lot of NF because I usually find it to be tedious, but The Winter King certainly wasn't that. Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. He spent money lavishly, held big parties. Having secured financial backing from Florentine bankers in London, Cabot was granted carefully phrased letters patent from Henry in March 1496, permitting him to embark on an exploratory voyage westerly. The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. Penn pointed out that for over half a century no king had passed on the crown without turmoil and Henry knew that what had happened to Richard could happen to him. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Detailed Information. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of the reign called Henry "a dark prince, and infinitely suspicious". Files Welcome Pack of 5 goodies, 28 January 1457 Birth of Henry VII at Pembroke Castle, 30 October 1485 Coronation of Henry VII, Henry VIIIs Enforcer: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Cromwell A Review and Rundown, Henry VII: Winter King A Review and Rundown, 31 May 1533 The Coronation Procession of Queen Anne Boleyn, Why I think Henry VIII was ultimately responsible for Anne Boleyns downfall, 4 March 1522 Anne Boleyn plays Perseverance, The Boleyns of Hever Castle now 99p on Kindle on Amazon UK, YouTube Live 4 March 2023 The Fascinating Background of Henry VIII. For other uses, see, Henry holding a rose and wearing the collar of the, Law enforcement and justices of the peace, the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England, "Tudor Pembroke | Ymddiriedolaeth Harri Tudur | Henry Tudor Trust", "BBC Wales History Themes Pembroke The Main Street", "Westminster Abbey website: Coronations, Henry VII and Elizabeth of York", "Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Supplement To Volumes 1 and 2, Queen Katherine; Intended Marriage of King Henry VII To Queen Juana", "Domestic and foreign policy of Henry VII", "Queen Margaret's Arch | York Civic Trust", "Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond", The Reign of Henry VII. Edward would have liked to rid himself of Henry, a rival to his throne, but Francis kept Henry safe. Penn then went on to talk about the heir to the throne, the young Prince Henry, who seemed very different to the King. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt.
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